Introducing dung beetles into a pasture is a simple process: approximately 1,500 beetles are released, a handful at a time, into fresh cow pats2 in the cow pasture. The beetles immediately disappear beneath the pats digging and tunnelling and, if they successfully adapt to their new environment, soon become a permanent, self-sustaining part of the local ecology. In time they multiply and within three or four years the benefits to the pasture are obvious
Introducing dung beetles into a pasture is a simple process:
approximately 1,500 beetles are released, a handful at a time, into fresh cow pats in the cow pasture.
将蜣螂引入牧场是一个简单的过程：
大约 1,500 只蜣螂被一次一小把地释放到牧场里新鲜的牛粪上。
- dung beetles：蜣螂，专门以粪便为食和筑巢。
- pasture：牧场。
- cow pats：牛粪（pats 是非正式说法，特指一坨一坨的牛粪）。
- a handful at a time：一次一小把。
The beetles immediately disappear beneath the pats digging and tunnelling
and, if they successfully adapt to their new environment,
soon become a permanent, self-sustaining part of the local ecology.
这些蜣螂立刻会钻进牛粪下面挖掘和打洞，
如果它们成功适应新环境，
很快就会成为当地生态系统中永久且自给自足的一部分。
- digging and tunnelling：挖掘并打洞，这是蜣螂典型的行为。
- adapt to their new environment：适应新环境。
- permanent, self-sustaining part：永久且能够自我维持的组成部分。
- local ecology：当地生态系统。
In time they multiply and within three or four years the benefits to the pasture are obvious.
随着时间推移，它们会繁殖，
大约三到四年内，牧场的好处就会显现出来。
- multiply：繁殖，数量增多。
- benefits to the pasture：对牧场带来的好处，例如改善土壤、清理粪便、减少寄生虫等。
Dung beetles work from the inside of the pat so they are sheltered from predators such
as birds and foxes. Most species burrow into the soil and bury dung in tunnels directly
underneath the pats, which are hollowed out from within. Some large species originating
from France excavate tunnels to a depth of approximately 30 cm below the dung pat.
These beetles make sausage-shaped brood chambers along the tunnels. The shallowest
tunnels belong to a much smaller Spanish species that buries dung in chambers that hang
like fruit from the branches of a pear tree. South African beetles dig narrow tunnels of
approximately 20 cm below the surface of the pat. Some surface-dwelling beetles,
including a South African species, cut perfectly-shaped balls from the pat, which are
rolled away and attached to the bases of plants.
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