Java 原生异步编程与Spring 异步编程 详解
简介Java 异步编程是现代高性能应用开发的核心技术之一，它允许程序在执行耗时操作（如网络请求、文件 IO）时不必阻塞主线程，从而提高系统吞吐量和响应性。
异步 vs 同步
[*]同步：任务按顺序执行，后续任务需等待前任务完成。
public String syncTask() {
// 模拟耗时操作
Thread.sleep(1000);
return "Result";
}
[*]异步：任务并行或在后台执行，主线程立即返回。
public CompletableFuture<String> asyncTask() {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return "Result";
});
}Java 原生异步支持
手动创建线程
最基本的异步方式是创建 Thread 或实现 Runnable。
[*]缺点：管理线程池困难，资源浪费，难以复用，缺乏结果处理机制。
public class BasicAsync {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("Task completed");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
thread.start();
System.out.println("Main thread continues");
}
}使用 ExecutorService
[*]优点：提供线程池管理，复用线程，减少创建开销
[*]缺点：Future.get() 是阻塞的，难以链式调用
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
public class ThreadPoolExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
executor.submit(() -> {
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("Task 1 completed");
});
executor.submit(() -> {
Thread.sleep(500);
System.out.println("Task 2 completed");
});
executor.shutdown();
}
}常用方法：
[*]submit(Runnable)：提交无返回值的任务。
[*]submit(Callable)：提交有返回值的任务，返回 Future。
[*]shutdown()：关闭线程池，不接受新任务。
线程池类型：
[*]Executors.newFixedThreadPool(n)：固定大小线程池。
[*]Executors.newCachedThreadPool()：动态调整线程数。
[*]Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor()：单线程执行。
线程池类型对比：
类型特性适用场景FixedThreadPool固定线程数，无界队列负载稳定的长期任务CachedThreadPool自动扩容，60秒闲置回收短时突发任务ScheduledThreadPool支持定时/周期性任务心跳检测、定时报表WorkStealingPool使用 ForkJoinPool，任务窃取算法计算密集型并行任务Future（Java 5+）
import java.util.concurrent.*;
public class FutureExample {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(1);
Future<String> future = executor.submit(() -> {
Thread.sleep(1000);
return "Task completed";
});
// 主线程继续
System.out.println("Doing other work");
// 阻塞获取结果
String result = future.get(); // 等待任务完成
System.out.println(result);
executor.shutdown();
}
}方法
[*]get()：阻塞获取结果。
[*]isDone()：检查任务是否完成。
[*]cancel(boolean)：取消任务。
缺点
[*]get() 是阻塞的，不利于非阻塞编程。
[*]难以组合多个异步任务。
CompletableFuture（Java 8+）
支持链式调用，真正现代化异步编程方式。
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
public class CompletableFutureExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return "Task result";
})
.thenApply(result -> result.toUpperCase()) // 转换结果
.thenAccept(result -> System.out.println(result)) // 消费结果
.exceptionally(throwable -> {
System.err.println("Error: " + throwable.getMessage());
return null;
});
System.out.println("Main thread continues");
}
}虚拟线程（Java 21+，Project Loom）
虚拟线程是 Java 21 引入的轻量级线程，适合高并发 I/O 密集型任务。
public class VirtualThreadExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try (var executor = Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor()) {
executor.submit(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("Task completed in virtual thread");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
}
System.out.println("Main thread continues");
}
}优势
[*]轻量级，创建开销极低（相比传统线程）。
[*]适合 I/O 密集型任务（如 HTTP 请求、数据库查询）。
注意
[*]不适合 CPU 密集型任务（可能导致线程饥饿）。
[*]Spring Boot 3.2+ 支持虚拟线程（需配置）。
阻塞 vs 非阻塞
类型是否阻塞获取结果方式Future✅ 是future.get()（阻塞）CompletableFuture✅（get） ❌（then）支持非阻塞链式处理@Async + Future/CompletableFuture✅get() 或回调WebFlux❌ 完全非阻塞响应式 Mono / FluxFuture vs CompletableFuture：核心对比
功能FutureCompletableFutureJava 版本Java 5+Java 8+是否可组合❌ 不支持✅ 支持链式组合、并行执行支持异步回调❌ 无✅ 有 .thenApply()、.thenAccept() 等支持异常处理❌ 无✅ 有 .exceptionally() 等可取消✅ 支持 cancel()✅ 也支持阻塞获取✅ get() 阻塞✅ get() 阻塞（也可非阻塞）使用场景简单线程任务多异步任务组合、复杂控制流Spring 异步编程（基于 @Async）
配置类或启动类启用异步支持
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableAsync
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
}
}@Configuration
@EnableAsync
public class AsyncConfig {
}无返回值用法
// 无返回值的异步方法
@Async
public void sendEmail(String to) {
System.out.println("异步发送邮件给: " + to);
try { Thread.sleep(2000); } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
System.out.println("邮件发送完成");
}使用 Future
创建异步方法
@Service
public class AsyncService {
@Async
public Future<String> processTask() {
// 模拟耗时操作
return new AsyncResult<>("Task completed");
}
}调用并获取结果：
@Autowired
private AsyncService asyncService;
public void executeTask() throws Exception {
Future<String> future = asyncService.processTask();
String result = future.get(); // 阻塞等待结果
}使用 CompletableFuture
创建异步方法
@Async
public CompletableFuture<String> asyncMethod() {
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture("Async Result");
}调用方式：
CompletableFuture<String> result = asyncService.asyncMethod();
// 非阻塞，可以做其他事
String value = result.get(); // 阻塞获取线程池配置
使用自定义配置类
@Configuration
public class AsyncConfig {
@Bean("taskExecutor")
public Executor taskExecutor() {
ThreadPoolTaskExecutor executor = new ThreadPoolTaskExecutor();
executor.setCorePoolSize(5); // 核心线程数
executor.setMaxPoolSize(20); // 最大线程数
executor.setQueueCapacity(100); // 队列容量
executor.setKeepAliveSeconds(30); // 空闲线程存活时间
executor.setThreadNamePrefix("async-task-");
executor.setRejectedExecutionHandler(new ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy());
executor.initialize();
return executor;
}
}
// 指定线程池
@Async("taskExecutor")
public Future<String> customPoolTask() { ... }使用配置文件
# application.yml
spring:
task:
execution:
pool:
core-size: 5
max-size: 20
queue-capacity: 100
thread-name-prefix: async-
shutdown:
await-termination: true
terminate-on-timeout: trueSpring WebFlux 示例
@Service
public class UserService {
public Mono<String> getUser() {
return Mono.just("用户信息").delayElement(Duration.ofSeconds(2));
}
public Flux<String> getAllUsers() {
return Flux.just("用户1", "用户2", "用户3").delayElements(Duration.ofSeconds(1));
}
}@RestController
@RequestMapping("/users")
public class UserController {
@Autowired
private UserService userService;
@GetMapping("/one")
public Mono<String> getUser() {
return userService.getUser();
}
@GetMapping("/all")
public Flux<String> getAllUsers() {
return userService.getAllUsers();
}
}调用时非阻塞行为体现
[*]Mono 表示未来异步返回一个值；
[*]Flux 表示异步返回多个值；
[*]请求立即返回 Publisher，只有订阅时才开始执行（懒执行、非阻塞）；
[*]它不占用线程，不会“卡死线程”等待值返回。
SpringBoot 集成示例
[*]标记 @Async 注解：
@Async 标记方法为异步执行，Spring 在线程池中运行该方法。
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Async;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class AsyncService {
@Async
public CompletableFuture<String> doAsyncTask() {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture("Task completed");
}
}
[*]启用异步
在主类或配置类上添加 @EnableAsync。
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableAsync
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
}
}
[*]控制器调用异步方法
@RestController
public class AsyncController {
@Autowired
private AsyncService asyncService;
@GetMapping("/async")
public String triggerAsync() {
asyncService.doAsyncTask().thenAccept(result -> System.out.println(result));
return "Task triggered";
}
}
[*]自定义线程池
Spring 默认使用 SimpleAsyncTaskExecutor，不适合生产环境。推荐配置自定义线程池。
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor;
@Configuration
public class AsyncConfig {
@Bean(name = "taskExecutor")
public ThreadPoolTaskExecutor taskExecutor() {
ThreadPoolTaskExecutor executor = new ThreadPoolTaskExecutor();
executor.setCorePoolSize(2);
executor.setMaxPoolSize(10);
executor.setQueueCapacity(25);
executor.setThreadNamePrefix("AsyncThread-");
executor.initialize();
return executor;
}
}
[*]指定线程池：
@Async("taskExecutor")
public CompletableFuture<String> doAsyncTask() {
// 异步逻辑
}
[*]为 @Async 方法定义全局异常处理器
@Component
public class AsyncExceptionHandler implements AsyncUncaughtExceptionHandler {
@Override
public void handleUncaughtException(Throwable ex, Method method, Object... params) {
System.err.println("Async error: " + ex.getMessage());
}
}
[*]Spring Boot 测试：
@SpringBootTest
public class AsyncServiceTest {
@Autowired
private AsyncService asyncService;
@Test
void testAsync() throws Exception {
CompletableFuture<String> future = asyncService.doAsyncTask();
assertEquals("Task completed", future.get(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
}
}并行调用多个服务示例
并行调用 getUser 和 getProfile，总耗时接近较慢的任务（~1s）。
@Service
public class UserService {
@Async
public CompletableFuture<User> getUser(Long id) {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
// 模拟远程调用
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return new User(id, "User" + id);
});
}
@Async
public CompletableFuture<Profile> getProfile(Long id) {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(500);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return new Profile(id, "Profile" + id);
});
}
}
@RestController
public class UserController {
@Autowired
private UserService userService;
@GetMapping("/user/{id}")
public CompletableFuture<UserProfile> getUserProfile(@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.getUser(id)
.thenCombine(userService.getProfile(id),
(user, profile) -> new UserProfile(user, profile));
}
}异步批量处理示例
并行处理 10 个任务，显著减少总耗时。
@Service
public class BatchService {
@Async
public CompletableFuture<Void> processItem(int item) {
return CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(100);
System.out.println("Processed item: " + item);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
});
}
}
@RestController
public class BatchController {
@Autowired
private BatchService batchService;
@PostMapping("/batch")
public CompletableFuture<Void> processBatch() {
List<CompletableFuture<Void>> futures = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
futures.add(batchService.processItem(i));
}
return CompletableFuture.allOf(futures.toArray(new CompletableFuture));
}
}MyBatis Plus 集成示例
MyBatis Plus 默认阻塞，可通过 @Async 或线程池异步化。
@Service
public class ReactiveService {
public Mono<String> fetchData() {
return Mono.just("Data")
.delayElement(Duration.ofSeconds(1));
}
}
@RestController
public class ReactiveController {
@Autowired
private ReactiveService reactiveService;
@GetMapping("/data")
public Mono<String> getData() {
return reactiveService.fetchData();
}
}注意事项
[*]@Async 方法必须是 public 的。
[*]不能在同一类内调用 @Async 方法（因 Spring AOP 代理机制）。
[*]默认线程池由 Spring 提供，可自定义。
CompletableFuture 所有核心 API
[*]supplyAsync()：异步执行任务，返回值
[*]runAsync()：异步执行任务，无返回值
[*]thenApply()：接收前面任务结果并返回新结果
[*]thenAccept()：接收结果但无返回
[*]thenRun()：不接收结果也不返回，仅执行
[*]thenCompose()：嵌套异步任务
[*]thenCombine()：两个任务都完成后，合并结果
[*]allOf()：等多个任务全部完成
[*]anyOf()：任一任务完成即继续
[*]exceptionally()：捕获异常并处理
[*]whenComplete()：无论成功失败都执行
[*]handle()：可处理正常或异常结果
CompletableFuture 用法详解
创建异步任务
supplyAsync：基本异步任务执行
@Repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {}
@Service
public class UserService {
@Autowired
private UserRepository userRepository;
@Async
public CompletableFuture<User> findUser(Long id) {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> userRepository.findById(id).orElse(null));
}
}runAsync：异步执行任务，无返回值
@Mapper
public interface UserMapper extends BaseMapper<User> {}
@Service
public class UserService {
@Autowired
private UserMapper userMapper;
@Async
public CompletableFuture<User> getUser(Long id) {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> userMapper.selectById(id));
}
}任务转换
thenApply(Function)：转换结果，对结果加工
CompletableFuture<String> cf = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Result");thenCompose(Function)：扁平化链式异步
CompletableFuture<Void> cf = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> System.out.println("Async run"));thenCombine(CompletionStage, BiFunction)：两个任务完成后合并结果
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture
.supplyAsync(() -> "data")
.thenApply(data -> data.toUpperCase());
System.out.println(future.get()); // DATACompletableFuture<String> composed = CompletableFuture
.supplyAsync(() -> "A")
.thenCompose(a -> CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> a + "B"));
composed.thenAccept(System.out::println); // 输出 AB消费结果
thenAccept(Consumer)：消费结果
CompletableFuture<String> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Hello");
CompletableFuture<String> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "World");
cf1.thenCombine(cf2, (a, b) -> a + " " + b).thenAccept(System.out::println);thenRun(Runnable)：继续执行下一个任务，无需前面结果
CompletableFuture<String> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "A");
CompletableFuture<String> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "B");
CompletableFuture<String> result = f1.thenCombine(f2, (a, b) -> a + b);
System.out.println(result.get()); // AB异常处理
exceptionally(Function)：异常处理
CompletableFuture
.supplyAsync(() -> "Result")
.thenAccept(result -> System.out.println("Received: " + result));handle(BiFunction)：同时处理正常与异常结果
CompletableFuture
.supplyAsync(() -> "X")
.thenRun(() -> System.out.println("Next step executed"));whenComplete(BiConsumer)：类似 finally
[*]在 CompletableFuture 执行完毕后执行一个回调，无论是成功还是异常。
[*]不会改变原来的结果或异常，仅用于处理副作用（如日志）。
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
if (true) throw new RuntimeException("Oops!");
return "ok";
}).exceptionally(ex -> "Fallback: " + ex.getMessage());
System.out.println(future.get());CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
throw new RuntimeException("Error!");
}).handle((result, ex) -> {
if (ex != null) return "Handled: " + ex.getMessage();
return result;
});
System.out.println(future.get());并发组合
allOf / anyOf：组合任务
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Final Result")
.whenComplete((result, ex) -> {
System.out.println("Completed with: " + result);
});allOf(...)：等待全部任务完成
需要单独从每个任务中再 .get() 拿到结果
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
if (true) throw new RuntimeException("出错了");
return "成功";
}).whenComplete((result, exception) -> {
if (exception != null) {
System.out.println("发生异常：" + exception.getMessage());
} else {
System.out.println("执行结果：" + result);
}
});CompletableFuture<Void> all = CompletableFuture.allOf(task1, task2);
CompletableFuture<Object> any = CompletableFuture.anyOf(task1, task2);anyOf(...)：任一完成即触发
CompletableFuture<String> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "A");
CompletableFuture<String> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "B");
CompletableFuture<Void> all = CompletableFuture.allOf(f1, f2);
all.thenRun(() -> System.out.println("All done")).get();超时控制
orTimeout(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)：超时异常
如果在指定时间内没有完成，就抛出 TimeoutException 异常。
CompletableFuture<String> userFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> fetchUser());
CompletableFuture<String> orderFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> fetchOrder());
// 两个任务都完成后执行
CompletableFuture<Void> bothDone = CompletableFuture.allOf(userFuture, orderFuture);
bothDone.thenRun(() -> {
try {
String user = userFuture.get();
String order = orderFuture.get();
System.out.println("用户: " + user + ", 订单: " + order);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
});CompletableFuture<String> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try { Thread.sleep(1000); } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
return "fast";
});
CompletableFuture<String> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "slow");
CompletableFuture<Object> any = CompletableFuture.anyOf(f1, f2);
System.out.println(any.get()); // 输出最快那个completeOnTimeout(T value, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)：超时默认值
如果在指定时间内没有完成，则返回一个默认值，并完成该任务。
CompletableFuture<String> f = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try { Thread.sleep(2000); } catch (Exception e) {}
return "late result";
}).orTimeout(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
try {
System.out.println(f.get());
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Timeout: " + e.getMessage());
}CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(3000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "执行完成";
}).orTimeout(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.exceptionally(ex -> "捕获到异常：" + ex.getClass().getSimpleName());
System.out.println("结果：" + future.join()); // 打印“捕获到异常：TimeoutException”自定义线程池
CompletableFuture<String> f = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try { Thread.sleep(2000); } catch (Exception e) {}
return "slow";
}).completeOnTimeout("timeout default", 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
System.out.println(f.get()); // timeout default异步任务 + 消费结果
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(3000); // 模拟耗时任务
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "正常返回结果";
}).completeOnTimeout("超时默认值", 2, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
System.out.println("最终结果：" + future.join()); // 会打印“超时默认值”异步任务 + 转换结果（链式调用）
ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
CompletableFuture<String> f = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "pooled", pool);
System.out.println(f.get());
pool.shutdown();异常处理
CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture
.supplyAsync(() -> "hello")
.thenAccept(result -> System.out.println("结果是：" + result));多任务并发组合（allOf / anyOf）
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture
.supplyAsync(() -> "5")
.thenApply(Integer::parseInt)
.thenApply(num -> num * 2)
.thenApply(Object::toString);合并两个任务结果
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture
.supplyAsync(() -> {
if (true) throw new RuntimeException("出错了！");
return "success";
})
.exceptionally(ex -> {
System.out.println("异常: " + ex.getMessage());
return "默认值";
});自定义线程池
CompletableFuture<String> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "A");
CompletableFuture<String> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "B");
// 等待全部完成
CompletableFuture<Void> all = CompletableFuture.allOf(f1, f2);
all.join();
System.out.println("结果：" + f1.join() + ", " + f2.join());链式异步处理
CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> 100);
CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> 200);
CompletableFuture<Integer> result = f1.thenCombine(f2, Integer::sum);
System.out.println(result.get()); // 输出 300订单处理示例
ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
return "线程池中的任务";
}, pool);
System.out.println(future.get());
pool.shutdown();总结图谱
CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Step 1")
.thenApply(s -> s + " -> Step 2")
.thenCompose(s -> CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> s + " -> Step 3"))
.thenAccept(System.out::println)
.exceptionally(ex -> {
ex.printStackTrace();
return null;
});什么场景适合用 Java 异步（@Async / CompletableFuture）？
场景是否适合异步？调用多个远程服务并行✅ 很适合复杂 CPU 运算耗时任务✅ 可以放到异步线程池简单业务逻辑、数据库操作❌ 不建议，同步更可控非主流程的日志、打点操作✅ 合适异步处理Java 和 .NET 异步处理对比
并行调用两个服务，提高响应速度
Spring Boot 示例（@Async + CompletableFuture）
项目结构
public class OrderSystem {
@Async("dbExecutor")
public CompletableFuture<Order> saveOrder(Order order) {
// 数据库写入操作
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture(order);
}
@Async("httpExecutor")
public CompletableFuture<String> notifyLogistics(Order order) {
// 调用物流API
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture("SUCCESS");
}
public void processOrder(Order order) {
CompletableFuture<Order> saveFuture = saveOrder(order);
saveFuture.thenCompose(savedOrder ->
notifyLogistics(savedOrder)
).exceptionally(ex -> {
log.error("物流通知失败", ex);
return "FALLBACK";
});
}
}RemoteService.java
CompletableFuture
├─ 创建任务
│├─ runAsync() -> 无返回值
│└─ supplyAsync() -> 有返回值
├─ 处理结果
│├─ thenApply() -> 转换
│├─ thenAccept() -> 消费
│├─ thenRun() -> 执行新任务
│├─ thenCombine() -> 合并结果
│└─ thenCompose() -> 链式调用
├─ 异常处理
│├─ exceptionally()
│├─ handle()
│└─ whenComplete()
├─ 组合任务
│├─ allOf()
│└─ anyOf()
└─ 超时控制
├─ orTimeout()
└─ completeOnTimeout()RemoteServiceImpl.java
└── src
└── main
├── java
│ ├── demo
│ │ ├── controller
│ │ │ └── AggregateController.java
│ │ ├── service
│ │ │ ├── RemoteService.java
│ │ │ └── RemoteServiceImpl.java
│ │ └── DemoApplication.javaAggregateController.java
public interface RemoteService {
@Async
CompletableFuture<String> getUserInfo();
@Async
CompletableFuture<String> getAccountInfo();
}DemoApplication.java
@Service
public class RemoteServiceImpl implements RemoteService {
@Override
public CompletableFuture<String> getUserInfo() {
try {
Thread.sleep(2000); // 模拟耗时
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture("UserInfo");
}
@Override
public CompletableFuture<String> getAccountInfo() {
try {
Thread.sleep(3000); // 模拟耗时
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture("AccountInfo");
}
}.NET 示例（async/await）
项目结构
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api")
public class AggregateController {
@Autowired
private RemoteService remoteService;
@GetMapping("/aggregate")
public ResponseEntity<String> aggregate() throws Exception {
CompletableFuture<String> userFuture = remoteService.getUserInfo();
CompletableFuture<String> accountFuture = remoteService.getAccountInfo();
// 等待所有完成
CompletableFuture.allOf(userFuture, accountFuture).join();
// 获取结果
String result = userFuture.get() + " + " + accountFuture.get();
return ResponseEntity.ok(result);
}
}IRemoteService.cs
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableAsync
public class DemoApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args);
}
}RemoteService.cs
└── Controllers
└── AggregateController.cs
└── Services
└── IRemoteService.cs
└── RemoteService.csAggregateController.cs
public interface IRemoteService {
Task<string> GetUserInfoAsync();
Task<string> GetAccountInfoAsync();
}Java vs .NET 异步用法对比总结
方面Java（Spring Boot）.NET Core（ASP.NET）异步声明方式@Async + CompletableFutureasync/await返回值类型CompletableFutureTask等待多个任务CompletableFuture.allOf()Task.WhenAll()是否阻塞.get() 会阻塞，链式不阻塞await 非阻塞简洁性稍复杂（需要注解和线程池配置）极简、天然异步支持
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